Not decided yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Not decided yet - Essay Example has established a causal relationship between smoking and the life span of the smoker, as opposed to establishing a correlation relationship between the two. The causal relationship requires that one variable leads to the other. In this case, the authors of the article have suggested that smoking leads to a reduction of a smoker’s life span by 10 years. This is a practical example of the authors incorrectly inferring causation from correlation, because the author ought to have stated that smoking may be related to a reduction in the lifespan of the smokers, as opposed to stating conclusively that in fact smoking causes the reduction of the lifespan of the smoker. The effect of this causal relationship established by the author is that; those people who do not smoke are guaranteed to live 10 more years, compared to the individuals who are involved in smoking. However, this assertion might not be true, because there are many smokers who live for many years compared to non-smokers based on different life factors. Therefore, this assertion cannot explain this practical variation between the assertion and the reality in life. The assertion above by the authors has come about as a result of a study that has suggested that smoking causes breast cancer. This is a case of the authors incorrectly inferring causation from correlation, because the right reporting ought to have been that there is a relationship between smoking and reduced lifespan. The authors arrived at the conclusion after the consideration of a study undertaken by researchers from the American Cancer Society, which produced findings â€Å"showing a 24% higher rate of breast cancer among women who smoked† (Press Association, 2014). This study served to add to the already existing evidence pointing to the existence of a link between the exposure to tobacco smoke and the breast cancer. This now marks the turning point of this study, from presenting a correlation relationship between breast cancer and

Andrew Marvell and Oliver Cromwell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Andrew Marvell and Oliver Cromwell - Essay Example His sympathies were on the whole royalist and aristocratic but he felt great admiration for Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector of England who came to power after deposing Charles I. Milton's impunity at the Restoration was largely due to Marvell's influence and exertions. Very few of Marvell's poems were published during his lifetime. Most of his poems appeared posthumously in 1681. His satires were published only in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution. Marvell's best poems were written in the early 1650s. He used to be considered as a typical love poet who wrote in the metaphysical strain. But Marvell displays curious traits which set him apart from the usual poets who wrote of love. Marvell though a poet of wit, love and fancy strangely though not without reason professes admiration for Puritan ideals. "Marvell strangely enough was a Puritan __an admirer of Cromwell, a devote reader of the bible, a supporter of the joyless regime whose spirit is to unlike that of his verse" (Wilson 136).But this ambiguity is not surprising when one considers the turmoil and political upheavals of Marvell's time. In August 1642, the long standing quarrel between Charles I, and the Parliamentarians or Roundheads involving political, religious and constitutional matters, broke up into open hostilities. In the battles that followed, Oliver Cromwell soon proved himself to be the most powerful candidate the Parliamentarians had. In spite of oppositions among his own people Cromwell assumed the position of the Lord Protector of England. In 1647, Cromwell organized the New Model army which inflicted a crushing defeat upon the royal army. Charles surrendered to his Scottish subjects who later turned him over to England in 1647. It is surprising to note the different strains of thought which coloured Marvell's poetic output. In his poems from the Horatian Ode Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland e onwards the one finds his admiration for Cromwell increasing. The way in which Marvell's perception of Cromwell changed is an indication of the difficulty of the choices of political allegiances facing an alert and sensitive mind of a poet who had political aspirations himself. In the Horatian Ode the Marvell we meet is a troubled man torn between divided loyalties. The title refers to Cromwell's return from Ireland which took place in May 1650. The poem welcomes Cromwell home from his conquest of Ireland, looking forward to his campaign against the Scots. Since Cromwell returned from Ireland in May 1650, and entered Scotland on July 22 of the same year, the poem therefore, was probably written in the early summer of 1650.The poem contrasts two political figures, the ceremonial Charles I and the military Cromwell. I t expresses a deep sense of loss in the passing away of ceremony and ritual with the beheading of the king. A dichotomy is seen in the thoughts and emotions of Marvell the lyric poet and Marvell the Parliamentarian. The Puritan revolution, the new science and modern liberalism were all seen as disrupting an older unified world view in which poetry had a favoured place. In this poem Marvell's attitude towards Cromwell is at best ambivalent. While he shrinks from certain elements in Cromwell's personality and government the poem concludes with a balanced view of his administration. The Ode in two parts celebrates Cromwell